Wagasa, or traditional Japanese umbrellas, are more than just practical tools for blocking the sun—they are exquisite works of art that embody Japan's unique aesthetic and cultural heritage. In this article, we will introduce different types of wagasa, such as bangasa and janomegasa, as well as their manufacturing process and key production areas. We will also explore how wagasa are used in modern times and discuss the impact of Western-style umbrellas on Japanese umbrella culture.
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What is a Wagasa? How is it Different from a Karakasa?
The History of Wagasa
Wagasa are made by attaching washi paper to a bamboo frame. Unlike Western umbrellas, wagasa have a finely detailed framework, creating a beautiful radial pattern when opened.
It is believed that wagasa were introduced to Japan from China during the Heian period. However, the early forms of wagasa were quite different from what we see today. They were called "kinugasa" or "tengai," and their shape resembled a canopy or covering. These umbrellas were mainly used by aristocrats and high-ranking individuals as sunshades, talismans to ward off evil, or symbols of authority. At this time, wagasa could not be folded—they remained open at all times.
As time passed, wagasa underwent structural improvements, and by the late 16th to early 17th century (Azuchi-Momoyama period), foldable wagasa began to appear. This innovation made wagasa more practical, allowing them to spread among the general public. During the Edo period, different styles emerged, such as bangasa, which were coated with oil for waterproofing, and janomegasa, which featured elegant designs. As a result, wagasa culture flourished and became widely popular.
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What are the Differences Between Wagasa and Karakasa?
Wagasa and karakasa (Chinese-style umbrellas) may look similar, but their internal structures are different. Karakasa have a design where smaller supporting ribs are inserted into the main ribs. Because of this, the main ribs need to be made thicker, making the umbrella bulkier when closed, despite having fewer ribs overall. In contrast, wagasa have a structure where the smaller ribs sandwich the main ribs. This allows both the main ribs and smaller ribs to be made thinner, resulting in a slimmer and lighter umbrella when closed.
Types and Features of Wagasa: Can They Be Used in the Rain?
There are various types of wagasa, each with its own purpose and characteristics. Generally, wagasa are made using bamboo and washi paper, but those coated with oil can also be used as rain umbrellas. Let's take a look at some representative types of wagasa.
(1) Bangasa
Bangasa were commonly used by ordinary people as rain gear in the past. Made from bamboo and plain washi paper, they are known for their simple yet sturdy construction. The handle is made of thick bamboo, making it easy to grip and use. The framework consists of thick, durable ribs with fewer overall ribs, giving the umbrella a solid and robust feel when opened. Additionally, the washi paper is coated with oil to make it waterproof, allowing it to be used even on rainy days.
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(2) Janomegasa
Janomegasa are characterized by their distinctive concentric circular patterns, with different colors used for the central and outer parts of the umbrella. Compared to bangasa, janomegasa have more ribs, creating a more delicate and elegant look. The handle is made of wood or bamboo, and some designs feature wrapping with materials like wisteria vines for added detail. When opened, the large circular pattern expands, resembling a snake's eye, which is how the umbrella got its name. Those coated with oil are waterproof and can be used on rainy days.
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(3) Higasa (Sun Umbrella)
Higasa are wagasa designed for sun protection rather than rain. Since they are not coated with oil, their natural washi colors, stencil-dyed patterns, and yuzen-dyed designs stand out, making them visually stunning. Washi paper is translucent, allowing soft, diffused light to pass through, which helps reduce harsh sunlight and mitigate heat.
(4) Maigasa (Dance Umbrella)
Maigasa are wagasa used in traditional Japanese dance performances, kabuki, and other stage arts. The canopy is made of silk or washi paper, while the handle and ribs are crafted from bamboo. Particularly, maigasa made with pure silk have a more transparent and refined appearance than those made with washi. These umbrellas are designed so that dancers can see their partners' movements through the translucent canopy, while the audience can also see the performers through the umbrella, adding to the artistic effect.
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The Process of Making Wagasa: Where Are They Produced?
The Process of Making Wagasa
Wagasa are carefully handcrafted by artisans over the course of several weeks to several months. The manufacturing process is highly intricate, with more than 30 steps required to complete a single umbrella. Here, we introduce the basic workflow.
- 1. Frame Making: Bamboo is cut to the appropriate length, split into thin strips, and crafted into umbrella ribs. The main and supporting ribs are carefully shaved and bent into shape.
- 2. Handle Making: Bamboo for the handle is heated, cut to the required length, and smoothed by shaving down the nodes.
- 3. Rokuro Crafting and Assembly: The rokuro, a wooden component attached to both the handle and the umbrella's top, is carved from wood. Two rokuros are made, inserted into the handle, and secured in place.
- 4. Connecting: Each umbrella rib is individually tied to the rokuro using thread.
- 5. Covering: Washi paper or silk is carefully affixed to the frame.
- 6. Finishing (Waterproofing and Decoration): Once the washi or silk covering is dry, oil is applied for waterproofing. Additional decorative elements and accessories are then attached to complete the umbrella.
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Famous Wagasa Production Areas: Gifu and Kyoto
Gifu Wagasa (Gifu Prefecture)
Gifu Prefecture is renowned as a major production hub for wagasa, with a history dating back to the Edo period. The "Gifu Wagasa," primarily made in the Kano district of Gifu City, is characterized by its slender, delicate, and elegant design. When folded, it becomes compact and streamlined, showcasing the advanced craftsmanship involved in its creation. When opened, the threads inside the umbrella form beautiful geometric patterns, highlighting the meticulous and detailed work. The refined beauty and intricate artistry of Gifu Wagasa make them truly captivating. Visitors can explore various wagasa and washi paper artworks at the "Minowashi no Sato Hall."
Kyo Wagasa (Kyoto Prefecture)
Kyoto was one of the first places in Japan to adopt wagasa. Under the discerning eyes of Kyoto's sophisticated residents, wagasa here evolved into elegant creations that eliminate excessive decoration in favor of the highest quality materials and craftsmanship. Kyo Wagasa embodies Kyoto’s refined simplicity and subdued aesthetic, preserving traditional colors and designs passed down through generations.
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Kanazawa Wagasa (Ishikawa Prefecture)
During its peak in the Meiji and Taisho periods, Kanazawa was home to as many as 118 umbrella makers, and "Kanazawa-gasa" was widely sold both inside and outside the prefecture. Kanazawa Wagasa are crafted using Moso bamboo, which grows naturally around Kanazawa, and kozo (paper mulberry) from Gokayama. These umbrellas are highly durable, designed to withstand the weight of rain and snow while also boasting an elegant finish.
Modern Uses of Wagasa
Although wagasa are no longer commonly used in daily life, they continue to be utilized in various settings.
Traditional Performing Arts
In Kabuki and Japanese dance performances, wagasa serve as essential stage props. The "mai-gasa" (dance umbrella) in particular enhances the movement of actors and dancers, adding to the visual appeal of the performance.
Interior & Decorative Use
The intricate and elegant designs of wagasa make them popular as interior décor items. They are often displayed in shops, hotels, and event venues to create a traditional Japanese atmosphere. Some are hung from ceilings or illuminated to serve as indirect lighting.
Photography Prop
Wagasa are indispensable as props for kimono and traditional attire photoshoots. They are commonly used in pre-wedding and coming-of-age ceremony photography. In recent years, they have also gained popularity as cosplay accessories, with their vibrant colors and intricate patterns making them a visually striking element in photos.
A Popular Souvenir
As a traditional Japanese craft, wagasa are highly sought after by both domestic and international tourists. Wagasa from renowned production areas such as Gifu, Kyoto, and Kanazawa are particularly valued for their exquisite craftsmanship and beautiful designs. They are often purchased not only as practical sun umbrellas but also as decorative pieces or commemorative gifts.
The Rise of Western Umbrellas and Japan’s Modern Umbrella Culture
With the spread of Western culture in the Meiji era, Western-style umbrellas became widely adopted in Japan. These umbrellas were lightweight, highly water-resistant, and convenient to carry, making them the preferred choice for rain protection. As a result, the daily use of wagasa gradually declined. Despite this, wagasa have continued to play an important role in traditional events and performing arts.
Differences Between Sun Umbrellas and Rain Umbrellas: Can a Rain Umbrella Replace a Sun Umbrella?
While sun umbrellas (higasa) and rain umbrellas (amagasa) may appear similar, they are designed for different purposes and have distinct structural differences.
- Sun Umbrellas: Primarily designed to block strong sunlight and UV rays, these umbrellas are typically made with UV-resistant materials. Both Japanese and Western-style sun umbrellas tend to be lightweight and often designed for better airflow.
- Rain Umbrellas: Made to effectively repel rain, these umbrellas use water-resistant materials. Compared to sun umbrellas, they have denser fabric and sturdier construction.
Since rain umbrella materials do not block UV rays, they are not suitable substitutes for sun umbrellas. However, in recent years, all-weather umbrellas (seiu-kenyo-gasa) have become increasingly popular. These versatile umbrellas feature waterproof coatings, allowing them to function as both sun and rain umbrellas.
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< References>
・ About the history of Japanese umbrellas and Kyowa umbrellas https://hiyoshiya.wagasa.com/kyowagasa/history/
・What is a Japanese umbrella? Introducing the history, types, characteristics, and usage!https://wa-gokoro.jp/traditional-crafts/japanese-umbrella/
・ How to distinguish a real domestic Japanese umbrella! I compared Japanese umbrellas made in Japan and overseas https://wagasa.shop/blogs/news/comparison-with-wagasa
・ Traditional Crafts Museum https://www.jtco.or.jp/japanese-crafts/?act=detail&id=441&p=21&c=4
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