Japan has a long history of traditional martial arts that have been passed down for generations.
This article introduces the appeal and rules of Japanese martial arts.
What is the Definition of "Budo"? How is it Different from Combat Sports?
"Budo" (武道) refers to Japan's traditional combat techniques that have been systematized along with spiritual training. Unlike combat sports, budo focuses on physical and mental discipline as well as personal development.
The Japan Budo Association defines budo as follows:
Budo is a form of movement culture originating from the traditions of Bushido. It is a systematized training of martial techniques in Japan that integrates mind, technique, and body into one. It is a path of human development that polishes one's character, enhances moral values, and fosters an attitude of respect for etiquette. The term encompasses disciplines such as judo, kendo, kyudo, sumo, karate, aikido, Shorinji Kempo, naginata, and jukendo.
(Reference: Nippon Budokan Official Website)
The spiritual essence of budo is often expressed through the saying, "It begins and ends with rei (etiquette)." This phrase emphasizes the importance of always showing respect to others and maintaining a humble attitude during training. More than just focusing on winning or losing, budo places great value on self-improvement. Through training, practitioners develop patience and the ability to make calm and rational decisions.
These values also play a significant role in children's education. Many schools incorporate martial arts into their curriculum, and kendo, judo, and karate are popular extracurricular activities because they help children develop good manners, concentration, and perseverance.
Judo: Controlling the Opponent with Throws and Holds
Kendo: Evolving from Traditional Swordsmanship
Kendo is a sword-based martial art where practitioners compete using "shinai" (bamboo swords). It developed from traditional Japanese swordsmanship and was formalized as a competitive sport during the Meiji era. Kendo places great emphasis on the principle of "beginning and ending with etiquette," valuing not just technique but also respect and mental training.
In kendo matches, practitioners wear protective gear (helmet, chest guard, gloves, and waist guard) and strike valid target areas (head, wrists, torso, and throat) with a shinai. To score a point, a strike must be delivered with proper posture, accuracy, and fighting spirit. Matches are typically conducted in a "best of three" format, with victory going to the first person to score two points.
Kendo is not just about competition; it is a discipline for developing the mind and body while respecting one's opponent. Today, it is practiced worldwide, with numerous international tournaments held annually. Recognized as a significant part of Japanese culture, kendo is also incorporated into junior high school curricula in Japan.
Kyudo: The Art of Archery with the Traditional Japanese Bow
Kyudo is a traditional Japanese martial art that involves shooting arrows using a large Japanese bow. Initially developed as a battlefield skill, it was an essential part of a samurai's training. However, over time, it evolved into a martial art with a strong focus on spiritual refinement rather than just practical combat skills.
Kyudo emphasizes "Shaho Hassetsu," the eight fundamental steps of shooting, which range from stance preparation to "zanshin" (the posture maintained after releasing the arrow). These steps are essential for executing a precise shot. However, kyudo is not just about hitting the target—it also requires practitioners to cultivate inner calm and mental focus. The ultimate goal is not simply accuracy but executing a beautiful and correct shot.
Kyudo is primarily practiced as an individual discipline, with competitions based on the number of successful hits. However, depending on the school of practice, greater importance may be placed on etiquette and spiritual growth rather than mere accuracy. Today, kyudo is gaining popularity not only in Japan but also worldwide, with its philosophy and graceful movements earning international recognition.
Sumo: A martial art in which sumo wrestlers clash with each other
Sumo is a traditional Japanese sport with roots in religious rituals. Originally performed as an offering to the gods, it became part of court ceremonies during the Nara period and later developed into a popular form of entertainment in the Edo period. Today, sumo enjoys international recognition.
The basic rule of sumo is simple: two wrestlers (rikishi) face off in a circular ring (dohyo), and victory is achieved by either forcing the opponent out of the ring or making them touch the ground with any part of their body other than their feet. Wrestlers use a variety of techniques, including thrusts, pushes, throws, and foot sweeps. Matches are often decided in an instant, requiring explosive power and quick decision-making.
Sumo also emphasizes strict traditions and etiquette. Wrestlers undergo rigorous training in sumo stables (heya), live a communal lifestyle, and practice rituals such as the "dohyō-iri" ring-entering ceremony and "shiko" stomping exercises to develop both body and mind. In recent years, many foreign-born wrestlers have also risen to prominence.
Karate: Strengthening the Mind Through Kata and Kumite
Karate, or "karate-do," is a martial art that involves striking and defending with bare hands. It originated in Okinawa as "Tōde" (Tang hand), influenced by Chinese martial arts, and later evolved into its distinct form. Karate spread to mainland Japan in the early 20th century, adopting the name "karate" (empty hand). It incorporates hand strikes (tsuki, uke), kicks (keri), and body movements (evasions and redirections) for offense and defense.
Karate consists of two main elements: "kata" and "kumite." Kata is a sequence of prearranged movements designed for technique training and mental discipline, while kumite is sparring, allowing practitioners to refine their combat skills through real-time exchanges. In competitive karate, matches are held in both kumite (point-based sparring) and kata (performance of techniques judged on precision and execution).
Today, karate is practiced worldwide and has gained further recognition as an Olympic sport, solidifying its status as a globally respected martial art.
Aikido: Neutralizing Attacks with Fluid Movements
Aikido is a martial art that focuses on using an opponent's energy to neutralize their attacks. Founded by Morihei Ueshiba in the early 20th century, it incorporates elements from traditional Japanese swordsmanship and jujutsu. Unlike martial arts that rely on strength, aikido emphasizes blending with an opponent's motion to execute techniques effectively.
Aikido techniques primarily consist of joint locks and throws designed to subdue an opponent without causing unnecessary harm. Because it prioritizes control and fluidity over brute force, aikido is accessible to practitioners of all ages and body types. Training also includes "ukemi" (falling techniques) to ensure safety, as well as exercises with wooden weapons such as the bokken (wooden sword) and jo (staff).
While aikido shares similarities with karate and Shorinji Kempo, it is unique in its philosophy of "harmony over conflict." It does not have competitions or tournaments, focusing instead on self-defense, discipline, and personal growth. Aikido has gained a strong following worldwide, with dojos established in many countries.
Shorinji Kempo: A Martial Art Focused on Self-Development
Shorinji Kempo is a martial art founded in Japan in 1947 by Doshin So. Influenced by Chinese martial arts, it emphasizes both self-defense techniques and spiritual development. Based on the principles of "self-establishment" and "mutual happiness for oneself and others," Shorinji Kempo is more than just a combat sport—it is a system designed to cultivate character and discipline.
The techniques of Shorinji Kempo are broadly divided into two categories: "Goho" (hard techniques) and "Juho" (soft techniques). Goho consists of strikes such as punches and kicks, while Juho focuses on joint locks and throws to control opponents. Training involves both "tanen" (solo practice) and "kumite" (paired practice), ensuring not only technical proficiency but also cooperation and adaptability.
Unlike competitive martial arts, Shorinji Kempo does not focus on winning or losing matches. Instead, it emphasizes personal growth through training, incorporating etiquette and philosophy into its practice. Today, it has spread beyond Japan, with dojos established worldwide, continuing to develop as an internationally recognized martial art.
Naginata: A Traditional Martial Art Once Used for Women's Self-Defense
Naginata is a traditional Japanese martial art that utilizes a long pole weapon with a curved blade at the end. Originating in the Heian period, it was widely used by samurai and warrior monks during the Kamakura and Sengoku periods. With its extended reach and ability to deliver both slashing and thrusting attacks, it was particularly effective against cavalry. During the Edo period, naginata training became a form of self-defense and cultural education for samurai women, passing down through generations of noble families.
Modern naginata is practiced as a competitive martial art, consisting of two main formats: "shiai" (sparring matches) and "embu" (pre-arranged demonstrations). In shiai, practitioners wear protective gear and engage in combat using bamboo naginata, aiming to score points by striking designated target areas. Emphasis is placed on precision, timing, and control. In embu, practitioners perform traditional forms, demonstrating technique and discipline through choreographed movements. Beyond technical skills, naginata fosters respect, etiquette, and mental fortitude, making it a martial art appreciated by practitioners of all ages and backgrounds.
Jukendo: The Art of Bayonet Combat
Jukendo is a martial art that simulates bayonet combat using wooden or metal replicas of rifles with attached bayonets. Originating from the bayonet techniques employed by the former Japanese military, it was later refined into a structured martial art after World War II. Today, jukendo is practiced in a safe and regulated manner, incorporating protective gear to minimize injury.
Jukendo matches involve offensive and defensive movements centered around thrusting techniques. Points are awarded based on accuracy and intensity, with valid target areas including the throat, torso, shoulders, and sides. Matches are conducted under a point-based system similar to kendo, and practitioners wear protective gear such as a helmet, chest guard, and gloves for safety.
Jukendo remains a practical form of training, still used in the Japanese Self-Defense Forces and police academies as a means of self-defense. Additionally, it has gained a following among martial arts enthusiasts across Japan, with official competitions held regularly.
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